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11.
Kwasi?BoadiEmail author Markku?Kuitunen Kolawole?Raheem Kari?Hanninen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2005,7(4):465-500
Sustainable development advocates for a balance between socio-economic development and the environment in the pursuit of human
advancement. In Africa, high population growth and inadequate infrastructure in urban areas exert pressure on the environment
and this threatens the health and wellbeing of urban residents. The population of the African continent until the 1960s was
predominantly rural. This scenario has taken a swift turn and some of the major shifts in the global urbanisation process
are taking place on the continent. Factors including natural increase in the population, rural–urban migration, strife and
hunger leading to the internal displacement of populations have exacerbated the urbanisation process in Africa. The situation
has been worsened by the imposition of Western development policies, including structural adjustment programmes on African
nations, which has eroded the subsistence base of rural agricultural communities and further ignited rural urban migration.
The failure of industry to absorb the increasing labour force has created massive unemployment and deepening poverty crisis
in urban centres. Inadequate provision of infrastructure and services to meet the growth in urban populations has resulted
in inefficient spatial development of urban centres, the proliferation of squatter settlements, inadequate basic amenities
including potable water, sanitation and waste disposal. Poor environmental sanitation has resulted in the upsurge of infectious
diseases and deteriorating urban health. Urban populations in Africa are also the worst affected by newly emerging diseases,
particularly HIV/AIDS. The poor bear a disproportionately large share of the problems due to their particular vulnerability
to environmental and health risks.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
12.
The toxicological evaluations of crude oil, xylene, toluene and benzene were carried out against juvenile stages of Clarias gariepinus. On the basis of LC(50) value, benzene (0.017 ml/l) was found to be the most toxic followed by xylene (0.086 ml/l), toluene (0.398 ml/l) and crude oil (2.219 ml/l) was the least toxic. The results of the lipid peroxidation assay showed that the level of malonaldehyde (MDA) in liver and gills of fish exposed to all the test chemicals increased significantly (P < 0.05) when compared to control. Measurement of activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in liver and gill of fishes exposed to sublethal concentration of the test chemicals over a 28-day period was found to decrease significantly (P < 0.05) when compared to control. The observed reduction in the activities of antioxidant defense enzymes such as SOD, CAT and GST in conjunction with an increase in MDA levels in the gill and liver tissues of test animals exposed to aromatic hydrocarbon compounds were recommended as a good battery of biomarkers for early detection of pollution during biomonitoring programmes. 相似文献
13.
Michael O. Kolawole 《Environmental management》1993,17(1):73-81
Soils will behave differently when used for agriculture, forestry, and other purposes and must be managed differently. The
difference is most evident in the Inverbrackie Creek catchment area in South Australia where the study reported in this article
was conducted and where the soils are used extensively for grazing and dairy farming. This catchment covers an area of 8.38
km2, comprising an undulating upland plain with irregularly high hills and broad interfluves.
Previous information-gathering methods used to model the catchment's hydrologic activity have been derived from the downstream
pluviographic point-source technique. The model input samples obtained by this technique are not truly representative of the
catchment. The potential for using remote sensing color infrared imagery to delineate the areas contributing to soil sediment
flow is demonstrated as a better alternative to obtaining representative samples to model this activity.
This article reports on part of the work supported by the University Research Grant, University of Adelaide. 相似文献
14.
Olumegbon Lateefat T. Lawal Akeem O. Oluyede Dare M. Adebimpe Monsurat O. Elekofehinti Olusola O. I. Umar Haruna 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(35):52574-52589
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Air particulate matter exposure has been linked to cardiovascular and atherosclerosis as a result of increase oxidative stress and inflammatory... 相似文献